A residential security risk assessment for apartments, condos, high-rises, and private residences evaluates threats, physical vulnerabilities, access control, surveillance, lighting, CPTED conditions, staffing, and security procedures. The assessment identifies security gaps, reduces opportunities for unauthorized access, strengthens emergency and response planning, and supports documented, risk-based decisions on practical security improvements.
Residential properties create a unique security challenge. People live, sleep, park, receive deliveries, invite guests, use shared amenities, and move through the property at all hours. A security program must support those daily activities while controlling access, protecting residents and staff, and addressing conditions that may create opportunities for crime.
That is why a residential security risk assessment should look beyond individual cameras, locks, gates, or security officers. The larger question is whether the property’s security measures, physical design, policies, staffing, and management practices work together in a way that fits the property’s risk.
The details will look different for an apartment community, condo, high-rise, planned residential development, or private home. But the basic goal stays the same: understand the security concerns, see how well the current safeguards are working, and help decision-makers focus on practical improvements that make sense for the property.
This article is provided for educational purposes only and should not be considered legal advice.
Apartment, Condo, High-Rise, and Residential Security Risk Assessments: Key Takeaways
A residential security risk assessment for apartments, condos, high-rises, and private residences helps:
- Identify threats, physical vulnerabilities, and security gaps
- Evaluate access control, surveillance, lighting, CPTED conditions, staffing, and procedures
- Reduce opportunities for unauthorized access
- Strengthen emergency and response planning
- Prioritize practical, risk-based security improvements
Residential Security Risk Assessment Summary Table
| Property Type | Common Security Concerns | Assessment Focus |
|---|---|---|
| Apartment community | Shared entrances, resident turnover, parking, guests, deliveries | Access management, common areas, parking, lighting, management practices |
| Condominium | Owners, guests, vendors, board decisions, shared amenities | Credential control, visitor management, common areas, policies, governance |
| High-rise | Lobby access, garages, elevators, stairwells, service entrances | Layered access, vertical movement, restricted areas, loading and service zones |
| Private residence | Perimeter, doors and windows, household routines, visitors | Entry points, lighting, technology, family routines, contractors and deliveries |
What Is a Residential Security Risk Assessment?
A residential security risk assessment is a structured evaluation of a property’s threats, physical vulnerabilities, access points, security systems, and operating practices. It identifies where security weaknesses may exist, evaluates how well current safeguards address those risks, and helps owners, managers, and boards prioritize practical security improvements.
Threats, Vulnerabilities, Consequences, and Existing Security Measures
Four ideas help organize the assessment. A threat is a potential event or actor that could cause harm. A vulnerability is a condition that could be exploited. Consequence is the potential impact if an event occurs. Existing security measures are the safeguards already in place.
A broken gate, for example, is not risk by itself. The assessor also considers who may exploit it, what becomes accessible, what other safeguards remain, and what the consequences could be.
Security Risk Assessment vs. Security Audit
A security risk assessment looks for conditions that could lead to loss, harm, or unauthorized activity and helps determine which risks deserve attention first. A security audit takes a different approach. It checks whether existing security measures, policies, and procedures are being implemented as intended and whether required practices are being followed.
A security risk assessment looks at the bigger picture. What risks does the property actually face, and are the security measures in place doing enough to address them?
An audit might show that a required door inspection was missed. A risk assessment goes further. It asks what that missed inspection could mean for access to the property, the level of exposure it creates, and the possible consequences if something goes wrong.
Security Risk Assessment vs. CPTED Assessment
A security risk assessment examines the full security picture, including threats, vulnerabilities, access control, technology, staffing, policies, and response practices. A CPTED assessment (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design) is more focused. It looks at how the property’s design, layout, visibility, access patterns, and maintenance conditions may discourage crime or create opportunities for it.
CPTED can be part of a residential security risk assessment, but a broader review may also consider technology, personnel, policies, visitor management, incident response, credential control, training, and management practices. SSMC evaluates these operational and physical security factors in addition to CPTED.
When Should a Residential Property Have a Security Risk Assessment?
A residential property should have a security risk assessment when conditions or risks change, after a significant security incident, before major renovations or security investments, or when recurring concerns remain unresolved. Properties should also be reassessed periodically so security measures continue to reflect current operations, occupancy, threats, and vulnerabilities.
After a Security Incident or Pattern of Incidents
A serious incident can raise questions about access, lighting, surveillance, staffing, response procedures, or other safeguards. A pattern of smaller incidents can be just as important. The goal is not to assume that every incident proves a security failure. It is to determine whether conditions or practices should be reviewed and improved.
When Residents or Staff Report Recurring Security Concerns
Repeated complaints about a dark walkway, a gate that does not close, a propped door, unauthorized visitors, or activity in a parking area should not be viewed in isolation. Recurring concerns may point to a larger operational or physical security issue that deserves structured review.
Before Major Security Upgrades or Spending
Before adding cameras, replacing an access control system, increasing patrols, or redesigning entrances, ask a basic question: what problem are we trying to solve?
A risk assessment can connect proposed spending to an identified need. That helps distinguish high-priority improvements from upgrades that may add cost without addressing the property’s most important risks.
During an Acquisition, Renovation, Expansion, or Change of Use
Property changes can create new access patterns, blind spots, traffic flows, service areas, or security responsibilities. An assessment can identify those issues before they become part of normal operations.
When acquiring an existing property, ownership may also inherit aging equipment, inconsistent policies, deferred maintenance, or security practices designed for conditions that no longer exist.
When the Property or Its Operations Have Significantly Changed
New amenities, package rooms, parking arrangements, visitor procedures, staffing models, access technologies, or mixed-use spaces can change a property’s security profile.
Security should be reviewed when use of the property changes. The objective is not to eliminate all risk. It is to understand current conditions, identify reasonable improvements, and set priorities. ASIS notes that risk assessments support informed risk-management decisions even though risk cannot be eliminated entirely.
Apartment Security Risk Assessments
An apartment security risk assessment is a structured review of a multifamily property’s crime and incident history, physical conditions, access points, lighting, surveillance, security personnel, and operating procedures. It identifies weaknesses, evaluates how existing safeguards perform, and helps property decision-makers prioritize practical improvements based on risk.
Entrances, Gates, Doors, and Resident Access
Access control is one of the first areas to review. The question is not simply whether a gate, lock, keypad, or fob system is installed. The assessor looks at whether it works as intended, how credentials are issued and removed, whether doors are routinely propped open, and whether residents or visitors can bypass normal entry procedures.
Parking Lots, Garages, and Pedestrian Routes
Parking areas deserve close attention because residents often move between vehicles and buildings during early morning, evening, and overnight hours. The assessment may review lighting, visibility, camera coverage, pedestrian routes, garage entrances, stairwells, and whether landscaping or structural features create concealment.
The goal is to understand how people move through the property and where exposure may exist.
Common Areas and Amenities
Pools, gyms, laundry rooms, clubhouses, mailrooms, package rooms, playgrounds, and other shared spaces create different access and supervision challenges.
An assessment considers who should have access, when these areas are open, how entry is controlled, whether security measures are consistent with actual use, and whether staff can identify or respond to unauthorized activity.
Visitor, Vendor, Delivery, and Contractor Access
Apartments receive a steady flow of people who do not live on the property. That can include guests, rideshare drivers, food deliveries, package carriers, maintenance vendors, contractors, and service providers.
A risk assessment reviews how these individuals enter, where they are permitted to go, and whether current procedures create unnecessary access to residential areas. Clear visitor and vendor controls can reduce confusion without making normal property operations difficult.
Property Management and Maintenance Practices
Security depends heavily on day-to-day management. A broken gate that remains unrepaired, a burned-out light, a lost key, or an active credential that should have been canceled can undermine stronger security measures elsewhere.
The assessment should consider how problems are reported, documented, assigned, repaired, and verified. It may also review how management responds to resident complaints, recurring access issues, and equipment failures.
Security Personnel and Patrol Operations
If the property uses security officers or patrol services, the assessment should examine what those personnel are expected to do and whether their deployment supports the property’s needs.
That may include post orders, patrol routes, reporting practices, communication procedures, supervision, and incident response. Having a security officer on site does not answer the larger question of whether the officer is positioned, trained, and directed effectively.
Condo Security Risk Assessments
A condo security risk assessment reviews the property’s physical conditions, access systems, surveillance, CPTED conditions, security procedures, and shared-space vulnerabilities. It helps boards, associations, and property managers identify security gaps and prioritize improvements. Unlike apartments, condos typically involve individually owned units and shared security responsibilities managed through a condominium association.
Resident, Owner, Guest, and Vendor Access
Condo access control can be more complex because responsibility is divided between individual unit owners and the condominium association. The association may control lobbies, garages, elevators, amenities, and other common areas, while owners control access to their individual units.
The assessment looks at how all of these access responsibilities work together. Who has access to the property? How are guests, vendors, and contractors let in? Are temporary permissions properly managed? And when someone moves out, sells a unit, or no longer needs access, is that access actually removed?
That matters because access control is only effective when the list of who can get in stays current.
Condominium Amenities and Shared Spaces
Condo amenities are typically common areas managed by the condominium association for the use of unit owners, residents, and authorized guests. These can include pools, fitness centers, lounges, garages, storage areas, rooftops, mailrooms, and event spaces.
The assessment considers how the association controls access to these shared areas, who is permitted to use them, and whether owners can extend access to tenants or guests. It also reviews whether someone entering a garage, lobby, or amenity area can move into more restricted residential spaces without additional authorization.
This is different from many apartment communities, where one property owner or management company generally controls both the residential property and its shared amenities.
Board, Association, and Management Security Responsibilities
Security decisions can become complicated when responsibilities are divided among a board, association, management company, and outside vendors.
A useful assessment identifies who approves security measures, maintains equipment, responds to complaints, controls credentials, and follows up on recommendations. Clear responsibility helps prevent important security issues from being delayed because everyone assumes someone else is handling them.
Fobs, Credentials, Intercoms, and Visitor Management
Electronic credentials are useful only when the condominium has a clear process for controlling them. The assessment may review how fobs and access cards are issued, tracked, replaced, and disabled when an owner or resident moves, a credential is lost or reported missing, or access is no longer authorized.
Missing fobs deserve particular attention. If a lost credential remains active, whoever finds or possesses it may still be able to enter the property. Management should be able to identify the credential, deactivate it promptly, and document the replacement.
Intercom and visitor-entry systems should also be reviewed. The assessment may consider whether residents can verify visitors before granting entry, whether directories contain outdated information, whether entry records are available when needed, and whether residents routinely admit unknown individuals without confirming who they are visiting.
Shared entry codes, inactive credentials that remain enabled, tailgating, and inconsistent visitor procedures can all weaken an otherwise well-designed access control system.
Security Policies and Day-to-Day Security Practices
Condominium security policies often depend on several groups following the same rules, including the board, property management, staff, residents, and outside vendors. The assessment should review whether those responsibilities are clearly assigned and whether procedures are applied consistently.
This can include simple but important questions. How are incidents reported? Who has the authority to approve security changes? What happens when a concern comes up after hours? And do staff and vendors clearly understand their security responsibilities?
The idea is to find gaps in responsibility or communication that could weaken security, even when the property already has the right equipment in place.
High-Rise Security Risk Assessments
A high-rise security risk assessment evaluates the security challenges created by a multi-level residential building, including controlled entry, vertical movement, parking access, elevators, stairwells, service areas, and restricted spaces. It identifies vulnerabilities, examines how layered security measures work together, and helps protect occupants, property, and building operations from foreseeable security threats.
Layered Security From the Property Perimeter to Residential Floors
High-rise security works best in layers. The assessment may begin at the property perimeter, then move through vehicle entrances, parking areas, lobbies, elevators, amenity floors, and residential levels.
The purpose is to identify where access should become more restricted and whether someone can move too far into the building without additional authorization. A weakness at one layer may place more pressure on every layer behind it.
Lobby and Main Entrance Security
The lobby is often the point where residents, guests, staff, deliveries, contractors, and visitors first intersect. The assessment may review door controls, concierge or front-desk procedures, visitor verification, camera coverage, and how unauthorized entry is handled.
It should also consider whether residents can bypass established procedures by holding doors open or admitting unknown visitors.
Parking Garage and Vehicle Access
Parking garages can create direct routes into elevators, stairwells, and residential areas. An assessment should review vehicle gates, pedestrian doors, camera coverage, lighting, emergency call options, and whether garage access provides unintended entry into the building.
The assessor may also look at how lost parking credentials, remote controls, or vehicle tags are disabled and replaced.
Elevator and Floor Access
Elevators are a major difference between a typical low-rise property and a high-rise building. The assessment may examine whether elevators provide unrestricted access to all residential floors or whether credentials limit movement to authorized levels.
It may also review visitor access, service elevator procedures, after-hours controls, and how residents reach parking, amenities, or restricted floors.
Stairwells, Emergency Exits, and Secondary Entrances
Stairwells and emergency exits must support safe egress, but they can also create security concerns if doors are propped open, damaged, or used as uncontrolled entry points.
The assessment should consider door condition, locking arrangements, alarms where appropriate, camera coverage near access points, and whether secondary entrances receive the same attention as the main lobby.
Loading Docks, Deliveries, Contractors, and Back-of-House Areas
High-rise buildings often have service entrances that are separate from resident entrances. These areas may handle deliveries, maintenance personnel, contractors, movers, and building supplies.
The assessment reviews who can enter, how access is authorized, where service personnel may travel, and whether loading or service areas connect directly to elevators, corridors, or mechanical spaces without adequate control.
Rooftops, Amenities, Mechanical Areas, and Other Restricted Spaces
High-rise buildings often have service entrances, loading docks, mechanical floors, utility rooms, elevator equipment spaces, and other areas that support the entire building. These locations may be accessed by maintenance personnel, contractors, movers, delivery services, and other nonresidents.
The assessment reviews how that access is authorized and controlled, whether service routes connect directly to elevators or residential floors, and whether restricted building systems can be reached by people who do not need access to them.
Residential Security Risk Assessments
A residential security risk assessment for a private home evaluates the surrounding environment, property perimeter, entry points, lighting, security technology, household routines, visitors, contractors, and other conditions that may affect security. It identifies vulnerabilities and helps the homeowner prioritize practical safeguards based on the property, its location, and how the home is used.
Property Perimeter and Approaches
The assessment may begin with how someone approaches the residence. Fences, gates, driveways, landscaping, exterior lighting, walkways, and visibility from the street can all affect security.
The assessor looks for uncontrolled access routes, concealment, damaged barriers, or design conditions that make it easier to approach the home without being noticed.
Doors, Windows, Garages, and Other Entry Points
Exterior doors, windows, garage doors, side gates, and secondary entrances should be reviewed as a system.
The assessment may consider lock quality, door and frame condition, glass exposure, garage-to-house access, and whether rarely used entrances receive the same attention as the front door.
Lighting, Cameras, Alarms, and Security Technology
Technology should support the property’s risks and daily routines. The assessment may review camera placement, lighting coverage, alarm zones, notification settings, recording capability, and whether devices are maintained and used as intended.
The goal is not to add more equipment. It is to determine whether existing technology provides useful coverage and whether any gaps need attention.
Household Staff, Contractors, Deliveries, and Visitors
Private residences may receive family members, friends, house guests, cleaners, caregivers, landscapers, contractors, delivery personnel, and other service providers. The security assessment considers how these individuals enter the property and whether any recurring or unsupervised access is appropriately controlled.
Where spare keys, garage remotes, gate codes, or smart-lock credentials are provided, the assessment may review who has them, whether access is still needed, and how that access is changed or revoked when circumstances change. It can also consider how deliveries and occasional visitors are handled without creating unnecessary access to the home.
Family Routines, Travel, and Operational Security
Residential security is also influenced by everyday habits. Travel schedules, social media posts, package deliveries, spare-key practices, and predictable routines can reveal when a home is unoccupied or how access is normally gained.
A useful assessment considers these patterns and recommends practical changes that improve security without making daily life unnecessarily difficult.
Neighborhood and Surrounding Environment
A residential security assessment should also consider the environment around the home. This may include nearby streets, pedestrian and vehicle access, adjacent properties, surrounding land uses, prior incidents, and available crime information.
These factors can tell you a lot about the property’s security risks, but they don’t tell the whole story on their own. The assessor also needs to look at how the home is designed, how people enter and move around the property, what can and cannot be seen clearly, the routines of those who live there, and the security measures already in place.
What Does a Professional Residential Security Risk Assessment Evaluate?
A professional residential security risk assessment evaluates threats, incident history, physical conditions, access control, lighting, surveillance, security personnel, and operating procedures. It examines where vulnerabilities exist, how well current safeguards address them, and which physical, technological, or procedural improvements should receive priority based on the property’s security risks.
Threats and Incident History
The assessment reviews relevant incidents, recurring complaints, known security concerns, and other available information that may help identify patterns. Crime and incident history can provide useful context, but it should not be treated as the only measure of risk.
The assessor also considers current property conditions and changes in occupancy, operations, or the surrounding environment.
Physical Security and the Built Environment
A professional assessment looks at more than the condition of doors, fences, gates, parking areas, walkways, and other physical features. It evaluates whether the layout of the property supports controlled movement, clear separation between public and restricted areas, and effective use of the security measures already in place.
The assessor may consider how entrances connect to parking, residential areas, service spaces, amenities, and other parts of the property. A well-maintained gate, for example, may provide limited value if someone can bypass it through an adjacent walkway or secondary entrance.
The goal is to determine whether the physical design reinforces the property’s security strategy or creates gaps that other controls must compensate for.
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design, or CPTED, examines how a property’s design and day-to-day use can influence opportunities for crime. Rather than relying only on cameras, locks, or security personnel, CPTED looks at whether the environment itself supports observation, controlled movement, and a clear sense of ownership.
A residential security assessment may apply CPTED principles such as natural surveillance, natural access control, territorial reinforcement, and maintenance. In practical terms, that can mean reviewing sightlines, entrances and pathways, landscaping, shared spaces, property boundaries, and signs of neglect or poor upkeep.
The goal is to identify design or maintenance conditions that may unintentionally create concealment, confusion about public and private space, or easier access to areas that should be controlled.
Access Control and Credential Management
A professional assessment looks beyond individual locks, fobs, or entry codes. It evaluates whether the property’s access-control system creates the right levels of access for residents, staff, visitors, vendors, and other authorized users.
The assessor may review whether access privileges match a person’s role, whether sensitive or restricted areas have stronger controls, and whether different systems work together as intended. For example, gaining access to a parking garage should not automatically provide unrestricted access to residential floors or service areas unless that access is appropriate.
The assessment also considers how access rights are managed over time. This includes whether permissions are reviewed when residents move, employees leave, vendors change, or credentials are lost. The goal is to determine whether access is controlled intentionally across the property, rather than simply whether doors lock.
Video Surveillance and Security Technology
A professional assessment evaluates whether cameras and other security technologies support specific security objectives and work effectively with the property’s other controls. The focus is not simply on how many devices are installed or where they are located.
The assessor may consider whether surveillance provides usable information at critical locations, whether recorded video can be retrieved when needed, whether alerts reach someone who is expected to respond, and whether system failures are identified and corrected. The assessment may also examine how cameras, access control, alarms, intercoms, and other technologies work together.
A security system can contain capable equipment and still perform poorly if no one monitors alerts, recordings cannot be retrieved, devices are frequently offline, or technology is not connected to clear response procedures.
Lighting, Visibility, and Concealment
Lighting and visibility can affect how easily residents, staff, or security personnel can observe activity.
The assessment looks for dark areas, glare, blocked sightlines, overgrown landscaping, structural obstructions, or other conditions that may create concealment or reduce observation.
Security Personnel and Staffing
A professional assessment considers whether the property’s staffing model matches its security needs. That includes more than asking whether security officers, concierge staff, or front-desk personnel are present.
The assessor may examine when coverage is provided, which areas receive attention, how responsibilities change after hours, and whether staffing levels are appropriate for the size, layout, activity, and risk profile of the property. The review may also consider handoffs between shifts, backup coverage, and whether personnel have clear authority to escalate or respond to security concerns.
The goal is to determine whether staffing resources are positioned where they provide the most value and whether personnel, technology, and management procedures work together as one security program.
Policies, Procedures, Training, and Incident Response
Written procedures should support what people need to do during normal operations and when a security concern occurs.
The assessment may review incident reporting, escalation procedures, emergency communication, staff responsibilities, training, and whether procedures are practical, understood, and followed consistently when an incident occurs.
Visitor, Vendor, Contractor, and Delivery Management
A professional assessment looks beyond how nonresidents enter the property. It evaluates whether third-party access is authorized, limited, documented when appropriate, and removed when the business or personal need for access ends.
The assessor may review who can approve access, whether contractors or vendors receive broader access than necessary, how after-hours entry is handled, and whether recurring service providers are periodically reviewed. For larger residential properties, the assessment may also consider escort requirements, service routes, temporary credentials, and responsibility for supervising outside personnel.
The goal is to determine whether third-party access is controlled according to purpose, location, and duration, rather than treated as an open-ended privilege.
FAQ’s
These questions address issues property owners, managers, boards, and homeowners often consider before commissioning a residential security risk assessment.
What Is an Apartment Security Risk Assessment?
An apartment security risk assessment is a structured review of a multifamily property’s threats, vulnerabilities, incident history, physical conditions, security systems, and operating practices. It helps management identify where security gaps may exist and which improvements should receive priority.
What Does a Condo Security Risk Assessment Include?
A condo security risk assessment reviews common-area security, access control, surveillance, CPTED conditions, visitor and vendor procedures, staffing, and association security practices. It also considers the shared responsibilities of the condominium association, property management, and individual unit owners.
What Is Different About a High-Rise Security Risk Assessment?
A high-rise assessment must account for vertical movement and layered access. In addition to entrances and parking, the review may include lobbies, elevators, stairwells, residential floors, service routes, mechanical areas, and restricted spaces.
How Is a Residential Security Risk Assessment Different From a Home Security Inspection?
A basic home security inspection may focus mainly on locks, alarms, cameras, windows, and other physical safeguards. A broader residential security risk assessment also considers threats, surrounding conditions, household routines, visitors, service providers, access practices, and how existing measures work together.
How Often Should an Apartment, Condo, or Residential Property Be Reassessed?
There is no single reassessment interval that fits every property. A new review may be appropriate after a significant incident, major renovation, operational change, new security technology, recurring concerns, or other changes that affect the property’s risk profile. Periodic reassessment also helps confirm that measures still fit current conditions.
Is a CPTED Assessment the Same as a Security Risk Assessment?
No. A CPTED assessment focuses on how design, visibility, access patterns, territorial reinforcement, and maintenance may influence opportunities for crime. A broader security risk assessment can also evaluate incident history, access-control systems, surveillance, staffing, policies, procedures, and response practices.
Does a Security Risk Assessment Include Crime and Incident Data?
It can. Relevant crime information, prior incidents, complaints, and security reports may help establish context and identify patterns. That information should be considered with current property conditions and existing safeguards rather than treated as the sole measure of risk.
Does a Security Risk Assessment Determine Whether a Property Needs Guards or Security Cameras?
It can help determine whether guards, cameras, or other measures are appropriate, but the assessment should begin with the risk, not the product. The recommendation may be to add, reposition, change, or better manage an existing control. In some cases, a procedural or physical change may address the concern more effectively.
Who Should Conduct a Residential Security Risk Assessment?
Look for a professional with residential security experience, security credentials, and the ability to assess physical security, technology, operations, staffing, and policies. The assessor should also be able to explain how findings were reached and translate them into practical priorities.
Conclusion
Apartment communities, condos, high-rises, and private residential properties may face many of the same security concerns, but no two properties operate exactly the same way. Building design, ownership structure, access points, staffing, shared spaces, and even the daily routines of residents can all change the security picture.
That’s why a good security risk assessment should do more than point out what may be missing or needs improvement. It should look at the bigger picture. What threats does the property face? Where are the vulnerabilities? What safeguards are already in place, and how well do they work in day-to-day operations?
The goal is not to eliminate every possible risk. That simply isn’t realistic. The goal is to give property owners, managers, and other decision-makers a clear understanding of where attention may be needed and why, so they can make practical, informed decisions about how to better manage the risks their property faces.
Talk With SSMC About Residential Security Risk Assessments
If your apartment community, condominium, high-rise, or private residence needs a clearer view of security risks, access-control concerns, surveillance gaps, CPTED conditions, staffing issues, or operational vulnerabilities, Strategic Security Management Consulting can help evaluate the current environment and organize practical next steps.
To discuss the property and determine the right assessment scope, call 407-385-9167 or contact SSMC about a residential security risk assessment.
References
- ASIS International. Security Risk Assessment Standard, ASIS SRA-2024.
https://www.asisonline.org/security-news/standards-guidelines/security-risk-assessment-standard/ - U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. Physical Environment and Crime.
https://www.ojp.gov/library/publications/physical-environment-and-crime - U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. Elements of CPTED: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design.
https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/elements-cpted-crime-prevention-through-environmental-design - U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design: Residential Applications.
https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/crime-prevention-through-environmental-design-final-report-0 - U.S. Department of Justice / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Design Guide for Improving Residential Security.
https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/design-guide-improving-residential-security - International Code Council. 2023 Florida Building Code, Building, Eighth Edition, Chapter 2: Definitions.
https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/FLBC2023P1/chapter-2-definitions
